Leukoplakia is a condition characterised by the appearance of thick, white patches on the inside of the mouth, gums, tongue, or cheeks. While it’s often harmless, leukoplakia can sometimes be a precursor to more serious health issues, including oral cancer. This is why it’s crucial to recognise the warning signs and understand when to seek professional help from an ENT or oral specialist.

What Causes Leukoplakia?

Leukoplakia typically forms in response to chronic irritation of the mucous membranes in the mouth. Common causes include:

  • Both smoking and chewing tobacco are major contributors to leukoplakia.
  • Heavy drinking can irritate the mouth lining, increasing the risk of developing these white patches.
  • Poorly fitting dentures, rough teeth, or dental work can lead to persistent irritation.
  • Repeated exposure to hot food or drinks can cause mucosal changes.
  • Certain infections, like the Epstein-Barr virus, can trigger hairy leukoplakia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

While leukoplakia is not always dangerous, it’s important to pay attention to any persistent changes in your mouth. Early detection is key in preventing potential complications.

Key Symptoms and Warning Signs of Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia can sometimes go unnoticed as it’s usually painless in its early stages. However, it’s important to look out for these symptoms:

  • White or greyish patches:These patches may appear on the tongue, gums, roof of the mouth, or inside of the cheeks. They are often thick, raised, and may have a rough texture.
  • Irregular surface: Patches may have uneven or hardened areas, especially in advanced cases.
  • Persistent patches:If the white patches do not go away within two weeks, they should be examined by a healthcare professional.
  • Soreness or discomfort:While not always painful, some individuals may experience mild discomfort or a burning sensation in the affected areas.
  • Difficulty chewing or swallowing:In more severe cases, the presence of leukoplakia may make eating or swallowing painful.
  • Hairy appearance:Hairy leukoplakia, typically seen in people with weakened immune systems (such as those with HIV), appears as fuzzy white patches, often on the sides of the tongue.

When to Consult an ENT Specialist

While not all cases of leukoplakia are cancerous, it’s essential to consult an ENT or oral specialist if:

  • The white patches persist for more than two weeks.
  • You notice red or speckled areas within the patches. These may indicate a higher risk of cancer.
  • The patches become thickened or develop an uneven surface.
  • You experience ongoing pain, swelling, bleeding or discomfort in your mouth.
  • There is a family history of oral cancer. Individuals with a history of cancer in their family should be more vigilant about changes in their oral health.
  • You are a heavy smoker or drinker. Tobacco and alcohol significantly increase the risk of leukoplakia progressing to cancer.
  • An ENT specialist will thoroughly examine the affected area and may recommend a biopsy if the patches look suspicious or do not heal over time. The biopsy helps determine if the cells are pre-cancerous or cancerous, allowing for early intervention.

Treatment Options for Leukoplakia

Once an ENT specialist diagnoses leukoplakia, treatment will depend on the severity and risk factors:

  • Removing the source of irritation: In many cases, eliminating the irritant (such as quitting smoking or addressing poorly fitting dental work) can resolve the condition.
  • Medications: Antiviral medications may be prescribed for cases like hairy leukoplakia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.
  • Surgical removal: For high-risk or persistent leukoplakia patches, your ENT specialist may recommend removing the affected tissue through surgery, cryotherapy, or laser treatment.
  • Regular monitoring: Some cases of leukoplakia may not require immediate treatment but will need regular follow-up to monitor any changes.

Prevention and Oral Care

Preventing leukoplakia largely revolves around lifestyle changes and maintaining good oral hygiene:

  • Reducing or eliminating tobacco use can significantly decrease your risk of developing leukoplakia and oral cancer.
  • Drinking in moderation helps reduce irritation in the mouth.
  • Brushing twice daily, flossing, and regular dental check-ups are key in preventing oral conditions.
  • Perform self-checks to spot any changes in your mouth early and report them to your healthcare provider if necessary.

Leukoplakia may not always seem alarming, but it can sometimes be an early sign of more serious health issues, including oral cancer. Being proactive about recognising the symptoms and seeking advice from an ENT specialist can help you manage the condition effectively and prevent complications. If you are experiencing persistent white patches, discomfort, or any unusual changes in your mouth, don’t delay in consulting with a sinus and throat specialist.

At London ENT, our experienced team of specialists is equipped to diagnose and treat conditions like leukoplakia, ensuring you receive the care you need. Contact us today to book a consultation.